Overview
ISO 10545-3:2018 specifies a standardized test method for measuring key physical properties of ceramic tiles: water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density. The method uses classical Archimedean principles (dry, saturated and suspended masses) and a vacuum impregnation step to fill open porosity. Results are used for product classification, specification and quality control of ceramic tiles.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Test principle: Impregnation of dry specimens with water, followed by suspension in water to determine suspended mass; calculations derive water absorption, porosity and densities from dry, saturated and suspended masses.
- Vacuum impregnation: Samples are evacuated to 10 ± 5 kPa (≈ 91 kPa below standard atmospheric pressure) for 30 ± 2 min and then flooded with water; the boiling impregnation method has been removed from this edition.
- Drying: Specimens are dried to constant mass at a minimum of 110 °C (not to exceed 160 °C); typical minimum drying time is 24 h or as established for the oven in use. Constant mass is defined by two successive weightings differing by ≤ 0.1%.
- Apparatus accuracy: Balance accuracy of 0.01% of specimen mass is required; deionized or distilled water, vacuum chamber, wire loop/basket and suitable container are specified.
- Sampling and specimen cutting: Sampling rules and cutting procedures are provided based on tile area and dimensions (tables give specimen counts and cutting schemes - e.g., halves for small tiles, 20 × 20 cm portions or multiple corner cuts for larger tiles). Special provisions are included for large or irregular tiles.
- Results and reporting: The standard gives formulas and expression of results for water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density, and specifies the required test report information.
Applications and practical value
- Product classification: Water absorption is a primary criterion for classifying ceramic tiles (porcelain, glazed, etc.).
- Quality control & R&D: Manufacturers and laboratories use the method for production control, incoming inspection, and material development.
- Specification and compliance: Architects, specifiers and purchasers reference ISO 10545-3:2018 in technical specifications and procurement to ensure consistent material performance.
- Certification & testing labs: Accredited test labs apply the method for certification, conformity assessment and comparative testing.
Who should use this standard
- Tile manufacturers and product developers
- Independent testing laboratories and quality control personnel
- Certification bodies, specifiers, architects and regulators involved in building materials
Related standards
- ISO 10545 is a multipart series covering ceramic tile testing (mechanical, chemical, dimensional and surface properties). Consult the ISO website for the full list of parts and complementary test methods.
Keywords: ISO 10545-3:2018, ceramic tiles, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density, bulk density, vacuum impregnation, Archimedean technique, tile testing, sampling, quality control.
Open preview (PDF)Ceramic tiles — Part 3: Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density
